Military Hans Högman
Copyright © Hans Högman 2020-07-23

Infantry Uniforms 1840 - 1900 (page 2)

Introduction

The need for uniforms better adapted to battle conditions increased during the first decades of the 19th century. Therefore, many changes to the uniforms of the European armies took place in the 1840s. In 1842 the Prussian Army enacted a new jacket, the tunic (Swe: vapenrock) instead of the former tailcoat, a garment not very suitable for battle conditions. At the same time the shako was replaced with the custodian helmet. The tunic was better adapted to bad weather such as rain and windy conditions and the custodian helmet protected the head against cuts and blows and could be securely fixed to the head. Sweden was early in introducing these new military garments. In 1845 there was a major change of the Swedish uniforms. All infantry units, the artillery and most of the cavalry were affected by these changes. Pick a period/uniform:

Period 1840 - 1900

Uniforms of the Swedish Army - 1800s (B)

Contents; Uniforms of the 1800s:

Kepi m/1854

The kepi (Swe: Käppin) was peaked cap with a stiff narrowing crown. In parades and ceremonies the kepi was equipped with pompon or plume. The kepi was wider at the bottom than at the top of the crown. When the kepi m/1854 was introduced in the Swedish infantry in 1854 it replaced the custodian helmet. In 1858 also the Life Guards and the grenadier regiments were equipped with kepi. Later also the artillery wore kepi. The image to the right shows a kepi m/1854, soldiers, Västgöta Regiment. Wikipedia.

Uniform m/1860

A new infantry uniform was enacted in 1860, m/1860. The tunic was dark blue and double-breasted. The trousers were blue too, but in a lighter shade of blue than the tunic and equipped with a yellow piping on the outer seams. The greatcoat was blue too. The tunic was equipped with yellow oblong flaps on cuffs and collars. These flaps looked like large buttonholes and are therefore known as “knapphål” (buttonholes) in Swedish. The cuffs had two vertical flaps and the buttons were done. The image to the right shows the two flaps worn on the cuffs. Photo Hans Högman, 2012. The image to the left shows the flaps worn on the collar and the unit number on the shoulder strap. Shoulder straps were reintroduced on uniform m/1860 and were in the same color as the tunic. The regimental unit numbers were attached on each shoulder strap (Arabic numerals) for the soldiers of rank and file. The uniform m/1860 was worn by all infantry regiments except for Svea Life Guards, Göta Life Guards, First Life Grenadier Regiment, Second Life Grenadier Regiment and Värmland Rifle Regiment. Cap m/1865 The high kepi introduced in 1858 was unwieldy in field conditions and was replaced in 1865 with a new cap, the m/1865 cap. This new cap was a low soft peaked cap in dark blue color. In parades and ceremonies, the cap was equipped with a front plate and plume. The origin of this cap was the Russian line infantry cap at the time. Cap m/1865 was assigned to the entire Swedish infantry. The cap was submitted to some changes in 1899 and are thereafter referred to as cap m/1865-1899. In 1899 the stripes on top of the cap were removed and that the top mustn’t exceed the sides of the cap. Rank insignias were worn on cap m/1865 marked with a number of yellow stripes depending of rank. The number of stripes and the width of them differentiated the ranks. The stripes went around the cap from side to side. The image to the right shows cap m/1865 with two parallel stripes which was the insignia for Lieutenants. Officers wore in-front of the cap an agraffe with a yellow silk cockade and a gold plated blue enamel button with the Swedish three crowns. The men wore the company number in-front of the cap and below a soldier button. The men’s caps were equipped with a yellow or white twine around the cap’s lower part.

Images of uniform m/1860:

Göta Life Guards, uniform m/1845, soldiers. Photo Hans Högman 2003. Army Museum. Red cuff flaps and red trouser stripes. Göta Life Guards. Custodian helmet, Life Guards, m/1845 Uniform m/1845, infantry soldiers.

Uniform m/1872

In 1872 the light blue trousers were replaced with new trousers of the same color as the jacket, i.e. dark blue. The new trousers are referred to as m/1872. There was no piping on the new trousers. The tunic/coat m/1860 wasn’t changed in 1872. There was also a new greatcoat introduced in 1872, greatcoat m/1872. The greatcoat (frock coat) was gray and double-breasted with 5 buttons in each row. However, the cavalry greatcoat was dark blue. A frock coat is a coat characterized by a knee-length skirt all around the base. The greatcoat had a folding collar with a piping which color depended on the regimental color. It had shoulder straps on which the officers wore their rank insignias. The greatcoat reached down 10 - 20 cm (4 - 8 inches) below the knees and could be supplied with a fur lining and fur collar in winter. The greatcoat was used by the entire army. The 1872 uniform regulation contained a clause stating that the old trousers m/1860 could be used until worn out. So, the new regulation was only for new acquisitions.

Fatigue Uniform m/1870

Fatigue uniform m/1870 (Swe: lägermundering) was a simple work uniform used when it wasn’t suitable to wear the regular uniform such as duties that would expose them to field conditions and/or greasy and grimy jobs. The fatigue coat and trousers were blue-striped and made of linen. The coat (Swe: Lägerrock) was single- breasted with 4 buttons and had a open collar cut on the bias. In-front were two pockets without flaps. Officers were allowed to wear the fatigue uniform as a daily uniform if the men were wearing it. The fatigue uniform m/1870 was in use until 1913 when it was replaced by a new fatigue uniform, m/1913. The image two the right shows two junior officers, Södermanland Regiment, wearing fatigue uniform m/1870. Photo Arsenalen Museum, Photo Archives 2017.

Uniform m/1886

In 1886 a new infantry uniform was introduced, uniform m/1886. The coat was dark blue, single-breasted with 8 buttons and had a open standing collar cut on the bias. Around the collar was a yellow piping. Like on the previous uniform, m/1860, the m/1886 uniform was equipped with the yellow oblong “buttonhole” flaps on collar and cuffs. Headgear was the former cap m/1865. The trousers was in the same color as the coat, dark blue and was equipped with piping along the outer seam. The regimental unit numbers were attached on each shoulder strap (Arabic numerals) in yellow color for the soldiers of rank and file. Officers and NCOS wore their rank insignias on the shoulder straps, collars and hats. The cuffs had embroideries. Uniform m/1886 was designed in two slightly different models; model I and model II where model II had differences depending on unit. Independent of model the color was dark blue. Modell I was equipped with two yellow vertical oblong flaps on the cuffs, so-called “buttonholes”, both buttons done. Modell II was equipped with three horizontal “buttonholes” on a flap on each cuff where the two top buttons were done. Model I was used by the infantry regiments and Jämtland Rifle Regiment while model II was used by the Svea Life Guards and Göta Life Guards, Life Regiment Grenadiers, First Life Grenadier Regiment, Second Life Grenadier Regiment, Karlskrona Grenadier Regiment, Vaxholm Grenadier Regiment and the Fortification Corps. Regarding model II; the colors varied on collar, piping, buttonhole flaps etc depending of regiment. See below:

Regimental colors, uniform m/1886 – men (model I)

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The vertical “buttonholes” on the cuffs of model I were done with one button in each buttonhole.  Photo Hans Högman 2012. There was a yellow “buttonhole” on each side of the collar. The regimental number, “9” is shown on the shoulder strap. “9” stands for Skaraborg Regiment, an infantry regiment.  Photo Hans Högman 2012.

Uniforms details model I:

Regimental colors, uniform m/1886 – men (model II)

Uniform details model II:

There was a “buttonhole” on each side of the collar. The image shows white “buttonholes” on the collar used by the Mounted Life Guards, m/1895.  Photo Hans Högman 2012. The  horizontal “buttonholes” on the cuffs of model II were done except for the bottom one.  The image shows red flaps with three white buttonholes worn on the cuffs by Göta Life Guards  Photo Hans Högman 2012. Shoulder strap with a Royal monogram in silver used by the Life Guard Regiments.  The image shows a red shoulder strap with a Royal monogram worn by Göta Life Guards. You can see a part of their red collar with white buttonholes.  Shoulder strap with a flaming grenade used by the grenadier regiments.  The image shows the yellow flaming grenade worn by the Småland Grenadier Corps.

Rank Insignias on uniform m/1886

Rank insignias were on tunic m/1886 were worn on collar, cuffs and/or shoulder straps as follows: Regimental officers (Colonel, Lieutenant Colonel and major), company officers (Captain, Lieutenant and Second Lieutenant), master sergeants (Swe: fanjunkare) and staff sergeants wore rank insignias on the shoulder straps. The “buttonholes” on the collar were gold or silver embroideries for officers and master sergeants and gold or silver lace for staff sergeants. The cuffs were equipped with gold or silver embroideries for officers and master sergeants gold or silver lace for staff sergeants. Sergeants and corporals wore a yellow stripe around the cuffs. The image to the right shows an army captain; 3 stars on the braided shoulder straps and 3 stripes around the cap. Photo: Arsenalen Museum, Photo Archives 2017. Sergeants and corporals wore rank insignias in the shape of stripes on collar and/or cuffs as follows: Sergeants (Swe: furir); gold or silver braid along the edge of the collar and around the cuffs. Corporals; yellow or white twine along the edge of the collar and around the cuffs. The uniform m/1886 was worn for a long time, even after introductions of new uniforms.

Greatcoat m/1886

Greatcoat (frock coat) m/1886 replaced the former greatcoat m/1872. The color was dark blue.

Photos of uniform m/1886 (model I):

Soldier wearing uniform m/1886 and cap m/1865. (Södermanland Regiment) Soldier wearing uniform m/1886 and cap m/1865. Soldier wearing uniform m/1886 and cap m/1865 (Södermanland Regiment) Uniform m/1886 and cap m/1865, men. Buttonholes on collar and cuffs. Army Museum. Photo Hans Högman 2003. Uniform m/1886 and cap m/1865, men. On the collar the yellow buttonhole. No 9 on the shoulder strap is the regimental number for Skaraborg Regiment (I9). Army Museum. Foto Hans Högman 2003. Uniform m/1886. Model I infantry vertical buttonholes on the cuffs. Army Museum. Photo Hans Högman 2007. Cap m/1865, men. Number 6 on the cap is the soldier’s company number. Army Museum. Photo Hans Högman 2007. Three soldiers wearing the infantry uniform m/1886 and cap m/1865-1899. The photo is shown with consent of  Shirley Koelling, USA.  Soldier wearing uniform m/1886 and belt and cap with front-plate and plume. The photo is taken in a studio in Söderhamn town so the soldier is probably serving in the Hälsinge Regiment. Photo own collection, 2012. Uniform m/1886 and cap m/1865, men.  Note the yellow piping on the trousers.  The soldiers is wearing a cartridge belt. Army Museum. Photo Hans Högman 2003. Officer wearing uniform m/1886 and cap m/1865. Army Museum. Photo Hans Högman 2003.   Army Captain wearing uniform m/1886. Rank insignias on collar and shoulder straps. Army Museum. Photo Hans Högman 2007.    Cap m/1865, officer. Army Museum. Photo Hans Högman 2007.

Uniforms of the Life Guards Regiments of Foot

The Life Guard Regiments of Foot were wearing the older uniform m/1845 until 1858 when they adopted a new tunic and a high kepi as headgear. The kepi m/1858 was used until 1878 when it was replaced by another lighter type of kepi with a visor both in front as well as behind. In 1878 the tunic was equipped with shoulder straps for officers. The image to the right shows Kepi m/1858 for the men, infantry. Wikipedia. In 1886 the Life Guard Regiments enacted the uniform m/1886, model II. Colors of collar, lining, cuffs and piping were yellow for Svea Life Guards and red for Göta Life Guards. See images below: The flaps on the cuffs were equipped with three horizontal buttonholes. In 1887 kepi was replaced by a custodian type of helmet. This helmet was lower than the former helmet, m/1845, and was equipped with a white plume.

Images of uniform m/1886 (model II):

Svea Life Guards wore yellow collar with white buttonholes and yellow shoulder straps with Royal monogram on m/1886. Svea Life Guards wore yellow flaps with three white horizontal buttonholes on the cuffs.  The images are made by Jacob Johansson and is shown with his consent.  Göta Life Guards wore red collar with white buttonholes and red shoulder straps with Royal monogram on m/1886.  Göta Life Guards wore red flaps with three white horizontal buttonholes on the cuffs.  The images are made by Jacob Johansson and is shown with his consent.  Life Regiment Grenadiers wore white collar with yellow buttonholes and white shoulder straps with three yellow crowns of broadcloth. Life Regiment Grenadiers wore white flaps with three yellow horizontal buttonholes on the cuffs. The images are made by Jacob Johansson and is shown with his consent.
Soldier wearing Svea Life Guards uniform m/1886. To the left, his helmet with front-plate and plume. The soldier is Johannes Olsson (1890 - 1975). The photo is from around 1910 and is shown with consent of Søren Bøgvad Kretzschmer, Denmark. Soldier wearing the Life Guards uniform m/1886 (model II) with a Royal monogram in silver on the shoulder straps. Svea Life Guards wore yellow/white collars while Göta Life Guards wore red/white collars. This collar looks dark so we can assume that the soldier served in the Göta Life Guards. The Photo is shown with consent of Kjell Lindkvist. The Life Regiment of Foot (I3) wore three crowns on white shoulder straps on uniform m/1886.  This regiment was established in 1893 when the Life Regiment Grenadier Corps and Närke Regiment were merged into a new regiment.

Life Grenadiers

The grenadiers wore from 1858 a double-breasted tunic and a high kepi as headgear. In 1865 the kepi was replaced with the new cap, m/1865. The crown on the cap was equipped with an embroidered loop. The shoulder straps were equipped with a flaming grenade in 1873. In 1886 the grenadiers adopted the new m/1886 uniform (model II). Like the Life Guard regiments the grenadiers wore flaps with three horizontal buttonholes on the cuffs, the bottom button undone.

Images of uniform m/1886 (model II) - Life Grenadiers:

First Life Grenadier Regiment (I4) wore red collar with white buttonholes and dark blue shoulder straps with a white flaming grenade on m/1886.   First Life Grenadier Regiment wore wore red flaps with three white horizontal buttonholes on the cuffs and a white piping. The image is made by Jacob Johansson and is shown with his consent.  Second Life Grenadier Regiment (I5) wore red collar with white buttonholes and dark blue shoulder straps with a red flaming grenade on m/1886.   Second Life Grenadier Regiment wore wore red flaps with three white horizontal buttonholes on the cuffs and a red piping. The image is made by Jacob Johansson and is shown with his consent.
Grenadier wearing uniform m/1886 and cap m/1865-1899 equipped with front-plate and plume. On the shoulder straps are flaming grenades visible.  The grenadier is Thure Persson and the photo is from around 1900 and taken in a studio in Karlshamn, Blekinge, so the regiment is probably Karlskrona Grenadier Regiment.  The photo is shown with consent of Helen Hildinggren and Thure was her maternal grandfather. Cuffs of grenadier uniform m/1886 equipped with flaps and three horizontal buttonholes, top buttons done. Above, a flaming grenade on the shoulder strap.  Grenadier wearing uniform m/1886 and cap m/1865-1899. On the shoulder straps flaming grenades. The numeral on the cap “1” is his company number. i.e. First Company.  The photo is taken in Studio Tekla Engströms, Linköping, and the regiment therefore ought to be either First Life Grenadier Regiment (I4) or Second Life Grenadier Regiment (I5). The photo is shown with consent of Christer Hall.

Rangers

Special units were being established during the last half of the 18th century. These special units were called “jägarförband” or “fältjägarförband” in Swedish. They operated as independent units with their respective regiment and later as independent corps. Their missions were reconnaissance, reconnoitering, assault etc and the the nature of their work required more discreet colors of the uniforms to avoid detection. In the US corresponding units are ranger units or rifle regiments and commando units in the UK. Individual soldiers of these Swedish special units were referred to as jägare, fältjägare or jägarsoldater which is ranger or rifleman in English, and can be described as skirmishers, scouts or sharpshooters and came to denote light infantrymen. Green uniforms became early a characteristic of the Swedish rifle units (in contrast to the dark blue tunics of the ordinary Swedish infantry). Västerbotten Rifle Regiment and Norrbotten Rifle Regiment were wearing a dark green color of their m/1845 uniform with red flaps on the collar and red piping. Jämtland Rifle Regiment wore a dark green uniform with light blue flaps on collar and light blue piping. However, the greatcoat (kapott) was dark gray. In the 1800s there were a great improvement of the firearms which changed the combat tactics of the infantry. Close formations in lines were abolished for thin scattered firing lines. Thereby became the regular infantry combat tactics more and more like the way the rangers fought and finally there were no need for special ranger units. The ranger units were disestablished both in Sweden and other European countries. Västerbotten and Norrbotten Rifle Regiments were renamed in 1892 to Västerbotten and Norrbotten Regiments. The Värmland Rifle Corps wore a dark green single-breasted uniform from 1859, m/1859. The officer and NCO tunic were equipped with black cords on in-front and the shoulders were adorned with black twines. Headgear was a black hat, m/1859, equipped with a black plume of feathers. This uniform was in use until 1901. The image to the right shows an officer and a soldier wearing the green uniform m/1859, Värmland Rifle Corps. Wikipedia. The image to the left shows an enlisted soldier in the Värmland Rifle Corps wearing uniform m/1859 with cap m/1865. The shoulders are adorned with black twines. The image was taken at the Marie Phersons Photo Studio in Säffle, Värmland. The photo is shown with consent of Randolph Stenson, USA.

Images of uniform m/1859

Officers wearing uniform m/1860 and cap m/1865. Södermanland Regiment.  Soldiers wearing uniform m/1860 and cap m/1865, probably Jönköping Regiment. The soldier in the middle, front row, is wearing cap m/1865 equipped with a front plate and plume. On his upper left are is a so-called school sign. The photo is shown with consent of Anders Thorstensson. Soldier wearing uniform m/1860 and cap m/1865 equipped with front plate and plume. Södermanland Regiment. Soldiers wearing infantry uniform m/1860.  The image is from my own collection, 2012. Soldier wearing uniform m/1860,  Hälsinge Regiment. On the shoulder strap we can see number 14 which is the unit number for Hälsinge Regiment.  Photographer: John Wigstén, Bollnäs. The photo is shown with consent of Terri Shelby, USA. Polacksbacken, Uppsala in 1898. Soldiers having picnic. The soldiers are wearing the double-breasted uniform m/1860 and cap m/1865. The photo was taken in 1898. The uniform m/1860 was replaced in 1886 with m/1886 so the soldiers are wearing an old uniform which indicates that the soldiers might be conscript soldiers.  The photo is shown with consent of Christina Dahlstroem, USA. In the picture is her "grand-uncle" Arthur Felldin and his sister Anna Eulalia Felldin (both children of barn till master builder Anders Felldin). However, Christina doesn’t know who is who in the picture. Rank insignias were also worn on the collar of the m/1860 tunic. This officer is wearing two stars which is Lieutenant. Photo: Arsenalen Museum, Photo Archives.
Army Captain wearing uniform m/1886, 3 stars on the shoulder straps and three stripes around the cap. Photo: Arsenalen Museum, Photo Archives 2017. Lieutenant wearing  m/1886, 2 stars on the shoulder straps and two stripes around the cap. Photo: Arsenalen Museum, Photo Archives 2017. Second Lieutenant wearing  m/1886, 1 star on the shoulder straps and one stripe around the cap.Photo: Arsenalen Museum, Photo Archives 2017. Major wearing m/1886, 1 star on the shoulder mark and 1 narrow and 1 wide stripe around the cap. Photo: Arsenalen Museum, Photo Archives 2017.
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Uniform m/1845

A new uniform was enacted in 1845, m/1845. A custodian-style helmet (Swe: Kask) was introduced as new headgear in 1845. Further, the tunic (Swe: vapenrock) replaced the former tailcoat. The tunic was dark blue with yellow lining. The tunic was single-breasted with 8 buttons and each unit had distinctive buttons. The collar was a so-called standing collar which was open in-front. The officers’ tunic had a vent at the back and had a yellow piping on the collar, around the cuffs and on the pocket flaps. Officers wore epaulettes on the shoulders as a sign of rank. The tunic of the NCOs and soldiers of rank and file were equipped with shoulder straps. A military tunic is a type of medium length coat or jacket, the lower hem of which reaches down to the thighs all the way round. It is named after the tunic, a garment of similar length worn in Ancient Rome. The long trousers were dark blue with a yellow stripe along the outer seams and made of broadcloth. Trousers m/1845 also came in a white color for the summer season. The summer trousers were made of linen or cotton cloth. The greatcoat (Swe: kappa) was a dark gray kapott with yellow flaps on the standing collar. The officers’ kapott were dark blue with yellow flaps on the standing collar. The kapott was a type of greatcoat with sleeves introduced in the Swedish Army in 1806-1807. Beside the tunic there were a short jacket called kollett. The kollett was made of dark blue broadcloth and equipped with shoulder straps, collar and a single row of buttons. The kollett was a type of jacket shorter than the tunic, had a standing collar and no tails. The kollett was used during summers and drill exercises. The Life Guard regiments and the grenadier regiments were also equipped with the new m/1845 uniform. The soldier to the right is wearing uniform m/1845, Oppunda Company, Södermanland Regiment, 1863. Photo: Arsenalen Museum, Photo Archives 2017.

Surtout m/1824-1854

Surtout (Swe: syrtut) m/1829-1854 was a military greatcoat used by the army officers and NCOs, cavalry excluded. It was made of dark blue broadcloth and double-breasted, each row containing 8 buttons. The standing collar was open in-front and cut on the bias. The officers wore rank insignias on the collar. Images of uniform m/1845:

Conscription (Beväringen)

In 1812 a conscript system was established called Beväringen. Beväringen was a forerunner to the Universal Conscription System introduced in 1901. The conscript system of 1812 was universal and embraced all able men fit for military service between the ages of 21 and 25. The conscript soldiers were only regarded as a reinforcement of the regular army. It took a long time before the conscripts were being dressed in uniforms equal to the uniforms of the regular regiments. The conscripts weren’t equipped with proper uniforms until the mid-1800s. In 1856 they were supplied with both a battle uniform as well as a work uniform. Previously they had been dressed in old outdated military garments no longer used by the regular regiments. Now, the conscripts of Beväringen were dressed in similar uniforms as the regular units. However, when new uniforms were introduced, the regular units were prioritized. The conscripts were the last to be equipped in new uniforms.
Coat m/1859, Captain, Värmland Rifle Corps.Army Museum collections, Digitalmuseum. Coat m/1859, enlisted men, Värmland Rifle Corps.Army Museum collections, Digitalmuseum. Hat m/1859, enlisted men, Värmland Rifle Corps. Army Museum collections, Digitalmuseum.
Militaria Hans Högman
Copyright © Hans Högman 2020-07-23

Infantry Uniforms 1840 - 1900

(page 2)

Introduction

The need for uniforms better adapted to battle conditions increased during the first decades of the 19th century. Therefore, many changes to the uniforms of the European armies took place in the 1840s. In 1842 the Prussian Army enacted a new jacket, the tunic (Swe: vapenrock) instead of the former tailcoat, a garment not very suitable for battle conditions. At the same time the shako was replaced with the custodian helmet. The tunic was better adapted to bad weather such as rain and windy conditions and the custodian helmet protected the head against cuts and blows and could be securely fixed to the head. Sweden was early in introducing these new military garments. In 1845 there was a major change of the Swedish uniforms. All infantry units, the artillery and most of the cavalry were affected by these changes. Pick a period/uniform:

Period 1840 - 1900

Uniforms of the Swedish

Army - 1800s (B)

Kepi m/1854

The kepi (Swe: Käppin) was peaked cap with a stiff narrowing crown. In parades and ceremonies the kepi was equipped with pompon or plume. The kepi was wider at the bottom than at the top of the crown. When the kepi m/1854 was introduced in the Swedish infantry in 1854 it replaced the custodian helmet. In 1858 also the Life Guards and the grenadier regiments were equipped with kepi. Later also the artillery wore kepi. The image to the right shows a kepi m/1854, soldiers, Västgöta Regiment. Wikipedia.

Uniform m/1860

A new infantry uniform was enacted in 1860, m/1860. The tunic was dark blue and double-breasted. The trousers were blue too, but in a lighter shade of blue than the tunic and equipped with a yellow piping on the outer seams. The greatcoat was blue too. The tunic was equipped with yellow oblong flaps on cuffs and collars. These flaps looked like large buttonholes and are therefore known as “knapphål (buttonholes) in Swedish. The cuffs had two vertical flaps and the buttons were done. The image to the right shows the two flaps worn on the cuffs. Photo Hans Högman, 2012. The image to the left shows the flaps worn on the collar and the unit number on the shoulder strap. Shoulder straps were reintroduced on uniform m/1860 and were in the same color as the tunic. The regimental unit numbers were attached on each shoulder strap (Arabic numerals) for the soldiers of rank and file. The uniform m/1860 was worn by all infantry regiments except for Svea Life Guards, Göta Life Guards, First Life Grenadier Regiment, Second Life Grenadier Regiment and Värmland Rifle Regiment. Cap m/1865 The high kepi introduced in 1858 was unwieldy in field conditions and was replaced in 1865 with a new cap, the m/1865 cap. This new cap was a low soft peaked cap in dark blue color. In parades and ceremonies, the cap was equipped with a front plate and plume. The origin of this cap was the Russian line infantry cap at the time. Cap m/1865 was assigned to the entire Swedish infantry. The cap was submitted to some changes in 1899 and are thereafter referred to as cap m/1865-1899. In 1899 the stripes on top of the cap were removed and that the top mustn’t exceed the sides of the cap. Rank insignias were worn on cap m/1865 marked with a number of yellow stripes depending of rank. The number of stripes and the width of them differentiated the ranks. The stripes went around the cap from side to side. The image to the right shows cap m/1865 with two parallel stripes which was the insignia for Lieutenants. Officers wore in-front of the cap an agraffe with a yellow silk cockade and a gold plated blue enamel button with the Swedish three crowns. The men wore the company number in-front of the cap and below a soldier button. The men’s caps were equipped with a yellow or white twine around the cap’s lower part.

Images of uniform m/1860:

1800 - 1840, 1840 - 1900
Göta Life Guards, uniform m/1845, soldiers. Photo Hans Högman 2003. Army Museum. Red cuff flaps and red trouser stripes. Göta Life Guards. Custodian helmet, Life Guards, m/1845 Uniform m/1845, infantry soldiers.

Uniform m/1872

In 1872 the light blue trousers were replaced with new trousers of the same color as the jacket, i.e. dark blue. The new trousers are referred to as m/1872. There was no piping on the new trousers. The tunic/coat m/1860 wasn’t changed in 1872. There was also a new greatcoat introduced in 1872, greatcoat m/1872. The greatcoat (frock coat) was gray and double-breasted with 5 buttons in each row. However, the cavalry greatcoat was dark blue. A frock coat is a coat characterized by a knee-length skirt all around the base. The greatcoat had a folding collar with a piping which color depended on the regimental color. It had shoulder straps on which the officers wore their rank insignias. The greatcoat reached down 10 - 20 cm (4 - 8 inches) below the knees and could be supplied with a fur lining and fur collar in winter. The greatcoat was used by the entire army. The 1872 uniform regulation contained a clause stating that the old trousers m/1860 could be used until worn out. So, the new regulation was only for new acquisitions.

Fatigue Uniform m/1870

Fatigue uniform m/1870 (Swe: lägermundering) was a simple work uniform used when it wasn’t suitable to wear the regular uniform such as duties that would expose them to field conditions and/or greasy and grimy jobs. The fatigue coat and trousers were blue-striped and made of linen. The coat (Swe: Lägerrock) was single- breasted with 4 buttons and had a open collar cut on the bias. In-front were two pockets without flaps. Officers were allowed to wear the fatigue uniform as a daily uniform if the men were wearing it. The fatigue uniform m/1870 was in use until 1913 when it was replaced by a new fatigue uniform, m/1913. The image two the right shows two junior officers, Södermanland Regiment, wearing fatigue uniform m/1870. Photo Arsenalen Museum, Photo Archives 2017.

Uniform m/1886

In 1886 a new infantry uniform was introduced, uniform m/1886. The coat was dark blue, single- breasted with 8 buttons and had a open standing collar cut on the bias. Around the collar was a yellow piping. Like on the previous uniform, m/1860, the m/1886 uniform was equipped with the yellow oblong “buttonhole” flaps on collar and cuffs. Headgear was the former cap m/1865. The trousers was in the same color as the coat, dark blue and was equipped with piping along the outer seam. The regimental unit numbers were attached on each shoulder strap (Arabic numerals) in yellow color for the soldiers of rank and file. Officers and NCOS wore their rank insignias on the shoulder straps, collars and hats. The cuffs had embroideries. Uniform m/1886 was designed in two slightly different models; model I and model II where model II had differences depending on unit. Independent of model the color was dark blue. Modell I was equipped with two yellow vertical oblong flaps on the cuffs, so-called “buttonholes”, both buttons done. Modell II was equipped with three horizontal “buttonholes” on a flap on each cuff where the two top buttons were done. Model I was used by the infantry regiments and Jämtland Rifle Regiment while model II was used by the Svea Life Guards and Göta Life Guards, Life Regiment Grenadiers, First Life Grenadier Regiment, Second Life Grenadier Regiment, Karlskrona Grenadier Regiment, Vaxholm Grenadier Regiment and the Fortification Corps. Regarding model II; the colors varied on collar, piping, buttonhole flaps etc depending of regiment. See below:

Regimental colors, uniform m/1886 – men

(model I)

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The vertical “buttonholes” on the cuffs of model I were done with one button in each buttonhole.  Photo Hans Högman 2012. There was a yellow “buttonhole” on each side of the collar. The regimental number, “9” is shown on the shoulder strap. “9” stands for Skaraborg Regiment, an infantry regiment.  Photo Hans Högman 2012.

Uniforms details model I:

Regimental colors, uniform m/1886 – men

(model II)

There was a “buttonhole” on each side of the collar. The image shows white “buttonholes” on the collar used by the Mounted Life Guards, m/1895.  Photo Hans Högman 2012. The  horizontal “buttonholes” on the cuffs of model II were done except for the bottom one.  The image shows red flaps with three white buttonholes worn on the cuffs by Göta Life Guards  Photo Hans Högman 2012. Shoulder strap with a Royal monogram in silver used by the Life Guard Regiments.  The image shows a red shoulder strap with a Royal monogram worn by Göta Life Guards. You can see a part of their red collar with white buttonholes.  Shoulder strap with a flaming grenade used by the grenadier regiments.  The image shows the yellow flaming grenade worn by the Småland Grenadier Corps.

Uniform details model II:

Rank Insignias on uniform m/1886

Rank insignias were on tunic m/1886 were worn on collar, cuffs and/or shoulder straps as follows: Regimental officers (Colonel, Lieutenant Colonel and major), company officers (Captain, Lieutenant and Second Lieutenant), master sergeants (Swe: fanjunkare) and staff sergeants wore rank insignias on the shoulder straps. The “buttonholes” on the collar were gold or silver embroideries for officers and master sergeants and gold or silver lace for staff sergeants. The cuffs were equipped with gold or silver embroideries for officers and master sergeants gold or silver lace for staff sergeants. Sergeants and corporals wore a yellow stripe around the cuffs. The image to the right shows an army captain; 3 stars on the braided shoulder straps and 3 stripes around the cap. Photo: Arsenalen Museum, Photo Archives 2017. Sergeants and corporals wore rank insignias in the shape of stripes on collar and/or cuffs as follows: Sergeants (Swe: furir); gold or silver braid along the edge of the collar and around the cuffs. Corporals; yellow or white twine along the edge of the collar and around the cuffs. The uniform m/1886 was worn for a long time, even after introductions of new uniforms.

Greatcoat m/1886

Greatcoat (frock coat) m/1886 replaced the former greatcoat m/1872. The color was dark blue.

Photos of uniform m/1886 (model I):

Soldier wearing uniform m/1886 and cap m/1865. (Södermanland Regiment) Soldier wearing uniform m/1886 and cap m/1865. Soldier wearing uniform m/1886 and cap m/1865 (Södermanland Regiment) Uniform m/1886 and cap m/1865, men. Buttonholes on collar and cuffs. Army Museum. Photo Hans Högman 2003. Uniform m/1886 and cap m/1865, men. On the collar the yellow buttonhole. No 9 on the shoulder strap is the regimental number for Skaraborg Regiment (I9). Army Museum. Foto Hans Högman 2003. Uniform m/1886. Model I infantry vertical buttonholes on the cuffs. Army Museum. Photo Hans Högman 2007. Cap m/1865, men. Number 6 on the cap is the soldier’s company number. Army Museum. Photo Hans Högman 2007. Three soldiers wearing the infantry uniform m/1886 and cap m/1865-1899. The photo is shown with consent of  Shirley Koelling, USA.  Soldier wearing uniform m/1886 and belt and cap with front-plate and plume. The photo is taken in a studio in Söderhamn town so the soldier is probably serving in the Hälsinge Regiment. Photo own collection, 2012. Uniform m/1886 and cap m/1865, men.  Note the yellow piping on the trousers.  The soldiers is wearing a cartridge belt. Army Museum. Photo Hans Högman 2003. Officer wearing uniform m/1886 and cap m/1865. Army Museum. Photo Hans Högman 2003.   Army Captain wearing uniform m/1886. Rank insignias on collar and shoulder straps. Army Museum. Photo Hans Högman 2007.
Cap m/1865, officer. Army Museum. Photo Hans Högman 2007.

Uniforms of the Life Guards Regiments of

Foot

The Life Guard Regiments of Foot were wearing the older uniform m/1845 until 1858 when they adopted a new tunic and a high kepi as headgear. The kepi m/1858 was used until 1878 when it was replaced by another lighter type of kepi with a visor both in front as well as behind. In 1878 the tunic was equipped with shoulder straps for officers. The image to the right shows Kepi m/1858 for the men, infantry. Wikipedia. In 1886 the Life Guard Regiments enacted the uniform m/1886, model II. Colors of collar, lining, cuffs and piping were yellow for Svea Life Guards and red for Göta Life Guards. See images below: The flaps on the cuffs were equipped with three horizontal buttonholes. In 1887 kepi was replaced by a custodian type of helmet. This helmet was lower than the former helmet, m/1845, and was equipped with a white plume.

Images of uniform m/1886 (model II):

Svea Life Guards wore yellow collar with white buttonholes and yellow shoulder straps with Royal monogram on m/1886. Svea Life Guards wore yellow flaps with three white horizontal buttonholes on the cuffs.  The images are made by Jacob Johansson and is shown with his consent.  Göta Life Guards wore red collar with white buttonholes and red shoulder straps with Royal monogram on m/1886.  Göta Life Guards wore red flaps with three white horizontal buttonholes on the cuffs.  The images are made by Jacob Johansson and is shown with his consent.  Life Regiment Grenadiers wore white collar with yellow buttonholes and white shoulder straps with three yellow crowns of broadcloth. Life Regiment Grenadiers wore white flaps with three yellow horizontal buttonholes on the cuffs. The images are made by Jacob Johansson and is shown with his consent.
Soldier wearing Svea Life Guards uniform m/1886. To the left, his helmet with front-plate and plume. The soldier is Johannes Olsson (1890 - 1975). The photo is from around 1910 and is shown with consent of Søren Bøgvad Kretzschmer, Denmark. Soldier wearing the Life Guards uniform m/1886 (model II) with a Royal monogram in silver on the shoulder straps. Svea Life Guards wore yellow/white collars while Göta Life Guards wore red/white collars. This collar looks dark so we can assume that the soldier served in the Göta Life Guards. The Photo is shown with consent of Kjell Lindkvist. The Life Regiment of Foot (I3) wore three crowns on white shoulder straps on uniform m/1886.  This regiment was established in 1893 when the Life Regiment Grenadier Corps and Närke Regiment were merged into a new regiment.

Life Grenadiers

The grenadiers wore from 1858 a double-breasted tunic and a high kepi as headgear. In 1865 the kepi was replaced with the new cap, m/1865. The crown on the cap was equipped with an embroidered loop. The shoulder straps were equipped with a flaming grenade in 1873. In 1886 the grenadiers adopted the new m/1886 uniform (model II). Like the Life Guard regiments the grenadiers wore flaps with three horizontal buttonholes on the cuffs, the bottom button undone.

Images of uniform m/1886 (model II) - Life

Grenadiers:

First Life Grenadier Regiment (I4) wore red collar with white buttonholes and dark blue shoulder straps with a white flaming grenade on m/1886.   First Life Grenadier Regiment wore wore red flaps with three white horizontal buttonholes on the cuffs and a white piping. The image is made by Jacob Johansson and is shown with his consent.  Second Life Grenadier Regiment (I5) wore red collar with white buttonholes and dark blue shoulder straps with a red flaming grenade on m/1886.   Second Life Grenadier Regiment wore wore red flaps with three white horizontal buttonholes on the cuffs and a red piping. The image is made by Jacob Johansson and is shown with his consent.
Grenadier wearing uniform m/1886 and cap m/1865-1899 equipped with front-plate and plume. On the shoulder straps are flaming grenades visible.  The grenadier is Thure Persson and the photo is from around 1900 and taken in a studio in Karlshamn, Blekinge, so the regiment is probably Karlskrona Grenadier Regiment.  The photo is shown with consent of Helen Hildinggren and Thure was her maternal grandfather. Cuffs of grenadier uniform m/1886 equipped with flaps and three horizontal buttonholes, top buttons done. Above, a flaming grenade on the shoulder strap.  Grenadier wearing uniform m/1886 and cap m/1865-1899. On the shoulder straps flaming grenades. The numeral on the cap “1” is his company number. i.e. First Company.  The photo is taken in Studio Tekla Engströms, Linköping, and the regiment therefore ought to be either First Life Grenadier Regiment (I4) or Second Life Grenadier Regiment (I5). The photo is shown with consent of Christer Hall.

Rangers

Special units were being established during the last half of the 18th century. These special units were called “jägarförband” or “fältjägarförband” in Swedish. They operated as independent units with their respective regiment and later as independent corps. Their missions were reconnaissance, reconnoitering, assault etc and the the nature of their work required more discreet colors of the uniforms to avoid detection. In the US corresponding units are ranger units or rifle regiments and commando units in the UK. Individual soldiers of these Swedish special units were referred to as jägare, fältjägare or jägarsoldater which is ranger or rifleman in English, and can be described as skirmishers, scouts or sharpshooters and came to denote light infantrymen. Green uniforms became early a characteristic of the Swedish rifle units (in contrast to the dark blue tunics of the ordinary Swedish infantry). Västerbotten Rifle Regiment and Norrbotten Rifle Regiment were wearing a dark green color of their m/1845 uniform with red flaps on the collar and red piping. Jämtland Rifle Regiment wore a dark green uniform with light blue flaps on collar and light blue piping. However, the greatcoat (kapott) was dark gray. In the 1800s there were a great improvement of the firearms which changed the combat tactics of the infantry. Close formations in lines were abolished for thin scattered firing lines. Thereby became the regular infantry combat tactics more and more like the way the rangers fought and finally there were no need for special ranger units. The ranger units were disestablished both in Sweden and other European countries. Västerbotten and Norrbotten Rifle Regiments were renamed in 1892 to Västerbotten and Norrbotten Regiments. The Värmland Rifle Corps wore a dark green single- breasted uniform from 1859, m/1859. The officer and NCO tunic were equipped with black cords on in-front and the shoulders were adorned with black twines. Headgear was a black hat, m/1859, equipped with a black plume of feathers. This uniform was in use until 1901. The image to the right shows an officer and a soldier wearing the green uniform m/1859, Värmland Rifle Corps. Wikipedia. The image to the left shows an enlisted soldier in the Värmland Rifle Corps wearing uniform m/1859 with cap m/1865. The shoulders are adorned with black twines. The image was taken at the Marie Phersons Photo Studio in Säffle, Värmland. The photo is shown with consent of Randolph Stenson, USA.

Images of uniform m/1859

Officers wearing uniform m/1860 and cap m/1865. Södermanland Regiment.  Soldiers wearing uniform m/1860 and cap m/1865, probably Jönköping Regiment. The soldier in the middle, front row, is wearing cap m/1865 equipped with a front plate and plume. On his upper left are is a so-called school sign. The photo is shown with consent of Anders Thorstensson. Soldier wearing uniform m/1860 and cap m/1865 equipped with front plate and plume. Södermanland Regiment. Soldiers wearing infantry uniform m/1860.  The image is from my own collection, 2012. Soldier wearing uniform m/1860,  Hälsinge Regiment. On the shoulder strap we can see number 14 which is the unit number for Hälsinge Regiment.  Photographer: John Wigstén, Bollnäs. The photo is shown with consent of Terri Shelby, USA. Polacksbacken, Uppsala in 1898. Soldiers having picnic. The soldiers are wearing the double-breasted uniform m/1860 and cap m/1865. The photo was taken in 1898. The uniform m/1860 was replaced in 1886 with m/1886 so the soldiers are wearing an old uniform which indicates that the soldiers might be conscript soldiers.  The photo is shown with consent of Christina Dahlstroem, USA. In the picture is her "grand-uncle" Arthur Felldin and his sister Anna Eulalia Felldin (both children of barn till master builder Anders Felldin). However, Christina doesn’t know who is who in the picture.
Rank insignias were also worn on the collar of the m/1860 tunic. This officer is wearing two stars which is Lieutenant. Photo: Arsenalen Museum, Photo Archives.
Army Captain wearing uniform m/1886, 3 stars on the shoulder straps and three stripes around the cap. Photo: Arsenalen Museum, Photo Archives 2017. Lieutenant wearing  m/1886, 2 stars on the shoulder straps and two stripes around the cap. Photo: Arsenalen Museum, Photo Archives 2017. Second Lieutenant wearing  m/1886, 1 star on the shoulder straps and one stripe around the cap.Photo: Arsenalen Museum, Photo Archives 2017. Major wearing m/1886, 1 star on the shoulder mark and 1 narrow and 1 wide stripe around the cap. Photo: Arsenalen Museum, Photo Archives 2017.

Uniform m/1845

A new uniform was enacted in 1845, m/1845. A custodian-style helmet (Swe: Kask) was introduced as new headgear in 1845. Further, the tunic (Swe: vapenrock) replaced the former tailcoat. The tunic was dark blue with yellow lining. The tunic was single-breasted with 8 buttons and each unit had distinctive buttons. The collar was a so-called standing collar which was open in-front. The officers’ tunic had a vent at the back and had a yellow piping on the collar, around the cuffs and on the pocket flaps. Officers wore epaulettes on the shoulders as a sign of rank. The tunic of the NCOs and soldiers of rank and file were equipped with shoulder straps. A military tunic is a type of medium length coat or jacket, the lower hem of which reaches down to the thighs all the way round. It is named after the tunic, a garment of similar length worn in Ancient Rome. The long trousers were dark blue with a yellow stripe along the outer seams and made of broadcloth. Trousers m/1845 also came in a white color for the summer season. The summer trousers were made of linen or cotton cloth. The greatcoat (Swe: kappa) was a dark gray kapott with yellow flaps on the standing collar. The officers’ kapott were dark blue with yellow flaps on the standing collar. The kapott was a type of greatcoat with sleeves introduced in the Swedish Army in 1806-1807. Beside the tunic there were a short jacket called kollett. The kollett was made of dark blue broadcloth and equipped with shoulder straps, collar and a single row of buttons. The kollett was a type of jacket shorter than the tunic, had a standing collar and no tails. The kollett was used during summers and drill exercises. The Life Guard regiments and the grenadier regiments were also equipped with the new m/1845 uniform. The soldier to the right is wearing uniform m/1845, Oppunda Company, Södermanland Regiment, 1863. Photo: Arsenalen Museum, Photo Archives 2017.

Surtout m/1824-1854

Surtout (Swe: syrtut) m/1829-1854 was a military greatcoat used by the army officers and NCOs, cavalry excluded. It was made of dark blue broadcloth and double-breasted, each row containing 8 buttons. The standing collar was open in-front and cut on the bias. The officers wore rank insignias on the collar. Images of uniform m/1845:

Conscription (Beväringen)

In 1812 a conscript system was established called Beväringen. Beväringen was a forerunner to the Universal Conscription System introduced in 1901. The conscript system of 1812 was universal and embraced all able men fit for military service between the ages of 21 and 25. The conscript soldiers were only regarded as a reinforcement of the regular army. It took a long time before the conscripts were being dressed in uniforms equal to the uniforms of the regular regiments. The conscripts weren’t equipped with proper uniforms until the mid-1800s. In 1856 they were supplied with both a battle uniform as well as a work uniform. Previously they had been dressed in old outdated military garments no longer used by the regular regiments. Now, the conscripts of Beväringen were dressed in similar uniforms as the regular units. However, when new uniforms were introduced, the regular units were prioritized. The conscripts were the last to be equipped in new uniforms.
Coat m/1859, enlisted men, Värmland Rifle Corps.Army Museum collections, Digitalmuseum. Coat m/1859, Captain, Värmland Rifle Corps.Army Museum collections, Digitalmuseum. Hat m/1859, enlisted men, Värmland Rifle Corps. Army Museum collections, Digitalmuseum.