History of Railways in Sweden (4b)

Swedish State Railways (SJ) - Locomotives (2)

A locomotive or engine is a rail transport vehicle that provides the motive power for a train. Traditionally, locomotives pulled trains from the front. The term "engine" is often used as an alternative to locomotive. A motor coach (UK) or motorcar (US usage) is a powered rail vehicle able to pull several trailers and at the same time transport passengers or luggage. Locomotives may generate their power from fuel (wood, coal, petroleum, or natural gas), or they may take power from an outside source of electricity. It is common to classify locomotives by their source of energy. Although historically steam propulsion dominated, the most common types of locomotives are diesel and electric, the latter supplied by overhead wires or additional rails. Motive power for a train is provided by a separate locomotive or individual motors in self-propelled multiple units. A train is a form of rail transport consisting of a series of connected vehicles that generally run along a railway (or railroad) track to transport passengers or cargo (also known as "freight" or "goods"). Passenger trains include passenger-carrying vehicles and can often be very long and fast. Goods (Freight) trains use freight wagons (or cars/trucks) to transport goods or materials (cargo). It is possible to carry passengers and freight in the same train using a mixed consist. A train driver, engine driver, or locomotive driver is a person who drives a train. Most of the locomotives and carriages/wagons used on Swedish rails are also produced in Sweden. Prince August was the first locomotive (B-class) in the service of the Swedish State Railways, manufactured by Beyer, Peacock & Co, Manchester (UK). The locomotive was used to pull mixed trains on the Southern Main Line. Six locomotives were acquired from the UK in 1856. Three served on the Western Main Line and three on the Southern Main Line; Prince August, Prince Carl, Prince Oscar. However, a domestic locomotive-manufacturing industry was quickly established in Sweden. In total, 45 so-called B-class locomotives were acquired by SJ between 1856 and 1872, 23 manufactured in the UK and the rest in Sweden. The first B-class locomotive, Prince August, was in use until 1906 and remains in the Swedish Railway Museum in Gävle. However, the first locomotive manufactured in Sweden was Förstlingen (“The Firstling”), which was made by Munktell AB, Eskilstuna, in 1853. In 1925, the first electric locomotive (D-class) was introduced by SJ. It was manufactured by ASEA, Sweden. In total, 333 D-class engines were produced. Steam Locomotives, Electric Locomotives, Diesel Locomotives, Locomotives - start

Electric Locomotives

An electric locomotive is a locomotive powered by electricity from overhead lines, a third rail, or on-board energy storage such as a battery or a supercapacitor. Electric locomotives benefit from the high efficiency of electric motors, often above 90%. The first electric locomotive in Sweden was the Starkotter in Robertsfors which was built in 1900. The electrification of the railways began early in Sweden. The Swedish State Railways (SJ) began testing locomotives powered by electricity in 1905 on the Värtan Line (Swe: Värtabanan) in Stockholm. In 1915, the first Swedish electrified railway line for passenger traffic operated by SJ opened, hauled by electric locos. An early electrified line for the transport of passengers was the Djursholm (Djursholms banan) in Stockholm, a commuter line that opened in 1895. Other countries, early with electrified railway lines are the USA, Germany, and Switzerland. At the end of the 1900s, almost all new locomotives for passenger transport ordered in Sweden are motor coaches. A motor coach (International) or motorcar (US) is a powered rail vehicle able to pull several trailers and at the same time transport passengers or luggage. A motor coach is distinguished from a railbus by not being lightweight. However, electric locomotives are still used for the rail transport of goods. In Sweden, diesel locomotives are foremost used on minor lines or lines not electrified. Locomotive classes: The SJ electric locomotive classes: • D - From 1936, electric locos without bogies, but with coupling rods between the driving axle on each side. • M - Electric locos, with three-axle bogies, used on goods trains. This designation was previously also used for steam locomotives. • O - Early electric locos for the Iron Ore trains. This designation was previously also used for steam locomotives. • R - Electric locos, with two-axle bogies, used on passenger and goods trains. • X - Electric motor coaches. This designation was between 1878 and 1879 also used for steam locomotives. Each piston is attached to the driving axle on each side by a connecting rod, and the driving wheels are connected together by coupling rods to transmit power from the main driver to the other wheels. Each piston transmits power through a crosshead, connecting rod (Main rod (US)) and a crankpin on the driving wheel (Main driver (US)) or to a crank on a driving axle. A bogie (truck (US)) is a chassis or framework that carries a wheelset, attached to a vehicle—a modular subassembly of wheels and axles. Most bogies have two axles, but some cars designed for heavy loads have more axles per bogie. Below is a listing of the most common types of electric locomotives used in Sweden: D-class: The D-class locomotives are the second most manufactured electric locomotives in Sweden and were the first SJ standard electric locomotive. It was developed in connection with the electrification of the Western Main Line. Between 1925 and 1943, 333 D-class locomotives were manufactured by ASEA, Sweden. In the 1950s, a new version of the locomotive was produced, designated Da and Dm-class. Between 1967 and 1988, these electric locomotives were replaced by the new Rc-class locomotives. The first 134 D-class locos, manufactured between 1925 and 1933, were delivered with a wooden body, but in 1933 replaced with steel construction. The difference between the various sub-class divisions of the D-class locomotives are functions, not appearance. For example, geared and optimized for goods trains or passenger trains. However, the difference between passenger and freight locos disappeared with the Du-class version since this variant was capable of 100 km/h (62 mph) and still haul goods trains. The Du became a universal locomotive, however in the end mainly used for goods trains. It retired from service in 1977. The image shows an SJ D-class electric locomotive, D 108, with a wooden body, in 1926. Image: Järnvägsmuseet, ID: JvmKACA00655. Ds was one of two original D-class variants, geared for passenger traffic. Initially, the maximum speed was set to 90 km/h but in 1936, the maximum speed was increased to 100 km/h. The production was closed down when a newer variant was developed with a more powerful engine, designated Dk with a maximum speed of 100 km/h. The then existing Ds locomotives were gradually rebuilt to Dk standard. Dg was the other of the two original D-class variants, geared for goods traffic with a maximum speed of 70 km/h (43 mph). The Da locomotives were developed in the 1950s and equipped with a new engine. 93 Da locos were produced by ASEA between 1952 and 1957 and these 93 Da locomotives became SJ:s new universal locomotive, used for both passenger and goods traffic. Also, the original D-class locomotives were upgraded to the new engine and re-designated Du. After this upgrade, there was no longer any difference between passenger and goods locomotives since all locomotives now were geared for 100 km/h. The Du locomotives were used until 1977. The last of the newer Da locomotives served until 1990–1995. The image shows an SJ Da-class locomotive, Da 799, with a steel body, in 1957. Photo: Seved Walther. Image: Järnvägsmuseet, ID: JvmKDAF04883. A new class of electric locomotives was developed at the end of the 1960s, the Rc-class locomotives. To use D-class locomotives together with Rc locomotives, the Du locomotives were equipped with a new multiple coupling box to make it possible to couple Rc and Du locomotives. These upgraded Du locomotives were then re-designated Du2 and the upgrade was done between 1967 and 1976. D-class, loco length 13 meters (42 ft 8 in), loco weight 80 tons, driving wheel diameter 1530 mm (60.2 in). Power output: 1.220 kW (Ds, Dg). The Da locomotives, length 13 meters, loco weight 75 tons. Power output: 1.840 kW. The Dm and Dm3 locomotives were a special D-class variant developed to haul iron ore trains on the Iron Ore Line from the iron ore mines in Kiruna and Malmberget to the ports in Swedish Luleå on the Baltic coast and Norwegian Narvik on the Atlantic coast. The Dm locomotive, later equipped with a center-section designated Dm3, are two variants of the same locomotive. As initially developed, the twin-section Dm-class locomotives were capable of pulling up to 3,400 tons of ore trains. However, due to progressive increases in train size and weight, this was no longer acceptable by the end of the 1960s. Therefore SJ ordered 19 new cab-less center locomotives, which were installed permanently between the two halves of a Dm class locomotive; the resulting rebuild being designated Dm3. With the addition of the center locomotive, the Dm3 class locomotives were able to haul trains up to 5,400 tons (54 hopper wagons, 100 tons each). A total of 39 Dm double-locomotives (2*39) were delivered between 1953 and 1971, built by ASEA. A further 19 center locomotives (Dm3) were delivered between 1960 and 1970. In 2001, the Dm3-locos were gradually being replaced by the new Iore-class locomotives, but Dm3 locos were in service until dock 2013. Loco length over the buffers: 25.1 m (Dm) respective 35.2 m (Dm3). Loco weight: 190 tons (Dm), 273.2 tons (Dm3). Maximum allowed speed: 75 km/h. Power output: 4,800 kW (Dm), 7,200 kW (Dm3). The image shows a Dm3-locomotive, Dm3 1216, on the Iron Ore Line, near Kiruna, North Sweden, in 2006. Image: Wikipedia. O-class: The first electrified railway line of the Swedish State Railways (SJ) was the Kiruna–Riksgränsen section of the Iron Ore Line which was electrified in 1915. The electrification of the entire Iron Ore Line was finished in 1923. The ore line is a 500 km (300 mi) long railway line between Luleå-Gällivare-Kiruna-Riksgränsen in Sweden and to the port of Narvik in Norway. The Norwegian section of the ore line is called Ofotbanen. The Swedish mining company LKAB transports iron ore on the ore line from the mines in Kiruna and Malmberget to the ports in Narvik (Norway) and Luleå (Sweden) for export to other countries. The image shows a map of the Iron Ore Line in North Sweden. Image: Wikipedia. The Oe and Of locomotives were a series of electric locomotives that SJ used to haul iron ore trains on the Iron Ore Line. The Oe locomotives were delivered in 1922 and the Of in 1924. The Oe/Of locomotives were designed as coupling-rod locomotives and built as twin- coupled locomotives. Between 1937 and 1944, the Oe locomotives were upgraded to the same standard as the Of locos and then designated Of2. The last Of/Of2 locomotives were retired in 1972. All these double locomotives had a wooden body. Between 1953 and 1961, nine double locomotives were temporally rebuilt to six triple locomotives designated Of3. On the section Kiruna-Narvik, the Of3 locomotives were permitted to haul iron ore trains up to a total weight of 3,100 tons while the Of/Of2 locomotives could haul at the most 2,250 tons. The image shows twin-coupled “Of” electric locomotives, SJ Of 93 & 94, in 1950. The Of-locomotives are hauling empty ore wagons returning to Kiruna meeting an ore train with hopper wagons loaded with iron ore. Photo: Eric Lundquist. Image: Järnvägsmuseet, ID: JvmKBDN00941. Oe-locos: length over the buffers 20.9 meters (68.6 ft), driving wheel diameter 1530 mm (60.2 in), loco weight 126.8 tons, power output 2880 hp, traction power 39 tons, maximum speed 60 km/h. Of-locos: length over the buffers 20.9 meters (68.6 ft), driving wheel diameter 1530 mm (60.2 in), loco weight 127.8 tons, power output 2800 hp, traction power 40 tons, maximum speed 60 km/h. Of2-locos: length over the buffers 20.9 meters (68.6 ft), driving wheel diameter 1530 mm (60.2 in), loco weight 127.8 tons, power output 2800 hp, traction power 40 tons, maximum speed 60 km/h. Of3-locos: length over the buffers 31.3 meters, driving wheel diameter 1530 mm (60.2 in), loco weight 204.0 tons, power output 4200 hp, traction power 60 tons, maximum speed 60 km/h. M-class (Electric): The Mg-class (originally M-class) locomotives were a series of locomotives developed for SJ to be used on the main lines in northern Sweden and to haul heavy trains. The Mg-class locos were produced in the 1940s when the Northern Main Line was electrified. The main lines in Northern Sweden usually ran on winding and broken grounds which the lines in southern Sweden rarely did, therefore, the northern lines needed more powerful locomotives. The many curves on the northern lines demanded bogie locomotives and the Mg locos were equipped with two three-axle bogies. The maximum allowed speed was 80 km/h (50 mph). The image shows an SJ M-class electric locomotive, SJ M 612, in 1944. Image: Järnvägsmuseet, ID: JvmKDAE08590. Loco length over the buffers 16.8 meters (55 ft), driving wheel diameter 1000 mm (39 in), loco weight 102 tons, power output 2640 kW. R-class (Electric): The Rc-class locomotives are the largest produced series of locomotives in Sweden. The Rc locomotives is a universal locomotive used to haul both passenger and goods trains in all parts of Sweden, including the northern parts. In total, 366 Rc locos were delivered to SJ between 1967 and 1988 replacing the older D-class locomotives. The image shows an SJ Rc-class electric locomotive, SJ Rc4 1147, in 1976. Image: Järnvägsmuseet, ID: JvmKBDB14784:01. Altogether there have been 7 variants of the Rc-locomotive in Sweden plus two special variants such as the freight locomotive Rm designed to haul iron ore trains and the Rz. The first Rc version was produced between 1967-1968 with the designation Rc. Initially, the Rc-locos was foremost used to haul passenger trains but later also goods trains. The second version, Rc2, was an improved Rc, manufactured between 1969 and 1975. Rc3 is identical with Rc2 besides gearing and was manufactured between 1970-1971. Rc3 is geared for 160 km/h (99 mph) while Rc1, Rc2, Rc4 and Rc5 is geared for 135 km/h (84 mph). Sweden’s most common electric locomotive, Rc4, was produced for SJ between 1975-1982. In total,130 Rc4 was delivered. Rc5 was a further developed version with extensive technique improvements and was manufactured between 1982 and 1986. Rc6 differs from Rc5 by being geared for 160 km/h like the Rc3. 40 Rc6 was manufactured for SJ between 1985 and 1988. Five Rc6 were re-geared to do 180 km/h (112 mph) and designated Rc7. Rm is a special variant of Rc, manufactured in six copies in 1977. Rm is heavier than the regular Rc locomotives and built to haul iron ore trains. The Rm locos were coupled three and three and were a complement to the Dm3-locomotives. The Rm-locos are equipped with emergency electromagnetic track brakes, and automatic coupling boxes (SA3), and geared for power rather than speed. Maximum permitted speed: 135 km/h (Rc1,2,4 och 5), 160 km/h (Rc3 and 6), 180 km/h (Rc7), 100 km/h (Rm). Rc-locos: length over the buffers 15.5 meters (50.1 ft), driving wheel diameter 1300 mm (51 in), loco weight 80 tons, power output 2,640 kW. The Ra-class Rapid locomotives is a series of electric locomotives foremost used to haul express trains in Sweden. The first Rapid locos were manufactured in 1955 and had a streamlined design. They were equipped with halogen headlights. In total, 10 Rapid locomotives were manufactured between 1955 and 1961 and were in service until 1996. The maximum permitted speed was 150 km/h (81 mph). The image shows an SJ Rapid locomotive (Ra-class), SJ Ra 994, in 1962. Image: Järnvägsmuseet, ID: JvmKBDB12677:02. Rapid locos: length over the buffers 15.1 meters (49.5 ft), driving wheel diameter 1300 mm (51 in), loco weight 65 tons. IORE-class: The IORE class locomotives are six-axle powerful freight locomotives used to haul the heavy iron ore hopper wagons on the Iron Ore Line in North Sweden between the LKAB ore mines in Kiruna to the port of Narvik, Norway, and the mines in Malmberget to the port of Luleå, Sweden. Iore is an acronym for “Iron Ore”. Each Iore locomotive is named after places along the line. The Iore locomotives are coupled two and two (two single-ended locos) and with 120-tons hopper wagons, the double-coupled locomotives can haul 68 wagons, in total 8,160 tons including the weight of the locomotives. The ore trains are 750 meters long. The older Dm3 locomotives were able to haul 52 wagons. The ore trains are equipped with special coupling boxes allowing heavier trains. With traction of 1,200 kilo-newtons (kN), the IORE locomotive is the world's strongest locomotive. LKAB is a Swedish mining company and the ore trains haul ore from LKAB's mines in Kiruna, Malmberget, and Svappavaara to the ports of Luleå, Sweden, and Narvik, Norway. Traditionally the rail transport of ore was operated by the State Railways. In 1993, LKAB obtained permission to operate their own trains in Sweden, and from 1996 in Norway. Rail transport companies MTAB (MalmTrafik i Kiruna AB) and MTAS (Norwegian counterpart) were established in 1996 (a joint venture). However, LKAB purchased the ore rail transport companies in 1999. The name of the company today is LKAB Malmtrafik (meaning LKAB Ore Transport. LKAB's railway division Malmtrafik operates the rail transport of ore with 34 Iore locomotives (or 17 pairs) built by Adtranz and its successor Bombardier. The 34 Iore locomotives were manufactured between 2000 and 2010 for MTAB (LKAB Malmtrafik). The image shows an MTAB Iore-class double-coupled locomotive, MTAB 103 Luleå, hauling hopper wagons, passing Vassijaure in 2009. Image: Wikipedia. Loco length over the buffers 45.8 meters (two locos coupled in pair), 22.9 meters (single loco), driving wheel diameter 1250 mm, loco weight 180 tons (single loco), 360 tons (coupled in pair), power output 5 400 kW (single loco), 10 800 kW (two coupled in pair), maximum permitted speed 80 km/h (50 mph). X-class: X is a designation for train sets hauled by motor coaches. A motor coach (UK) or motorcar (US) is a powered rail vehicle able to pull several trailers and at the same time transport passengers or luggage. With multiple-unit train control, one operator can control several "motor coaches", possibly even combined with locomotives, efficiently in the same train, making longer trains possible. Motor coaches can replace locomotives at the head of local passenger or freight trains. A motor coach is distinguished from a railbus by not being lightweight. The X1-class is a series of motor coaches foremost used for regional traffic. The X1 was used as a commuter train in Stockholm between 1968 and 2011. The X2-class is a series of electric motor coaches being part of a concept of fast trains in Sweden known as X 2000. X 2000 is a fast, tilting train launched in 1990, operated by SJ, designed, and built by ASEA, Sweden. Between 1989 and 1998, 44 X2 was manufactured for SJ. When it was introduced in 1990 it was a first-class only train, second class was introduced 1995. The X 2000 top speed is 210 km/h (130 mph) but has reached 276 km/h (171 mph) in a trial run with double locomotives units in 1993. However, the maximum speed permitted in regular traffic is 200 km/h (120 mph). X 2000 is not a high-speed train, but very fast compared to regular train services. It shares the tracks with regular trains. The image shows an X2-class motor coach, i.e. an X2000 train, at Lund Central Station in 2008. Image: Wikipedia. Loco length 17.75 meters (58 ft 3 in), total train length: 164.2 m (539 ft) (6 carriages), power output 3,260 kW (4,370 hp), weight 269–365 tons.

Source References

• Staten, järnvägarna och den regionala utvecklingen i Sverige 1840–1890, Agaton Sten, 2015, Umeå Universitet. • Den glade rallaren? Norrbottniska rallares syn på sina arbets- och levnadsvillkor, Per-Jonas Pihl 2016, Luleå Tekniska Universitet. • Boken “En rallares levnadsminnen”, av Samuel Magnusson Svanbäck; nedtecknade av Herbert Malmback, 1931. • Boken: “Banbrytare. Äventyr och upplevelser under ett 100-årigt järnvägsbyggande i Sverige”. Manne Briandt. Kristianstad 1959. • Sveriges järnvägars historia, Populär Historia, 13 september 2006 av Niklas Ingmarsson, publicerad i Populär Historia 7-8/2006 . • Rallarna i Sverige banade väg för industrialismen, av Mats Utbult, publicerad i Populär historia 11/2009. • Wikipedia • Järnvägsmuseet (Railway Museum in Gävle, Sweden) Top of page

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Railbuses: A railbus is a lightweight passenger rail vehicle (motor coach) that shares many aspects of its construction with a bus, typically having a bus (original or modified) body and four wheels on a fixed base, instead of on bogies. Originally designed and developed during the 1930s, railbuses have evolved into larger dimensions. Railbuses designed for use specifically on little-used railway lines were commonly employed in many countries, including Sweden. A railbus usually has a cab at both ends which makes it easy to change the direction of travel. The railbuses are mostly electric but in some cases powered by diesel engines. The image shows a railbus, SJ Y7 1141, in Hallsberg, 1975. Image: Järnvägsmuseet, ID: JvmKDAJ09531. The Swedish railway lines were electrified early. However, there were many minor lines/branch lines considered unprofitable to electrify. It was too expensive to traffic these lines with steam locomotives which is the reason for the introduction of diesel-powered railbuses on these lines. In the 1920s there were several rail vehicles in service in Sweden which were rebuilt road coaches, hence the name - railbus. The first new-designed railbus in Sweden was the Hilding Carlsson-railbus, which was built in 1933. It was introduced on the Uppsala-Gävle Railway. The image shows a Hilding Carlsson-railbus. Image: Wikipedia. The Carlsson railbuses were replaced in the 1950s by the SJ Y6-class railbuses. This orange/yellow railbus was very common and served until the end of the 1980s. Between 1953 and 1960 fully 800 Y6 railbuses were manufactured. When the Y6-class series of railbuses, including the Y7 and Y8, were retired they were replaced in 1979 by a railbus built in Italy, designated Y1. In 2000, a set of new Itino diesel railbuses (motor coaches) designated Y31. the railbus was used by many regional railways in Sweden. Length over the buffers 17.55 m (57.6 ft), Maximum permitted speed 115 km/h (71.5 mph) (Diesel), 110 km/h (68 mph) (Electric). Number of seats: 53 (Y6), 47 (Y7), 36 (Y8) 55 (X16), 49 (X17), weight 19 tons.

Diesel Locomotives

The Swedish State Railways (SJ) used two designation classes for the diesel locomotives, V-class (shunting) and T-class (hauling and shunting). A shunter, switcher, or shifter is a small railroad locomotive used for maneuvering railroad cars inside a rail yard in a process known as shunting (UK) or switching (US). These locomotives are not intended for moving trains over long distances but rather for assembling trains at marshalling yards (UK) or classification yards (US) for another locomotive to take over. Shunters/switchers may also make short transfer runs and even be the only motive power on branch lines and switching and terminal railroads. A diesel locomotive is a type of railway locomotive in which the prime mover is a diesel engine. Several types of diesel locomotives have been developed, differing mainly in how mechanical power is conveyed to the driving wheels. A diesel-mechanical locomotive uses a mechanical transmission in a fashion like that employed in most road vehicles. In a diesel-electric locomotive, the diesel engine drives either an electrical DC generator or an electrical AC alternator-rectifier, the output of which provides power to the traction motors that drive the locomotive. There is no mechanical connection between the diesel engine and the wheels. In Sweden, diesel locomotives are foremost diesel-electric locomotives. Some examples of diesel locomotives in Sweden: • T43. About 50 built between 1961-1963. • T44. Further development of T43 is the most common diesel loco in Sweden. 123 locos were built between 1968-1987. Power output 1235 kW. • T46. An extended T44. 4 was purchased from av LKAB between 1973-1974 for shunting service. It is Sweden’s heaviest diesel loco. T44: T44 is a diesel-electric locomotive built by Swedish NOHAB and KVAB in 123 units between 1968 and 1987 delivered to SJ. It was the successor of T43 and used both for hauling good trains and shunting. It is the most common diesel locomotive in Sweden, with state-owned Green Cargo as the largest operator. Compared to the predecessor T43-class, the T44 is more powerful and has a modernized driver cab. In 2001, when the Swedish State Railways (SJ) was split into several companies, Green Cargo took over all the T44 locomotives. Between 2009 and 2011, Green Cargo renovated 62 units of the T44 which included new four-stroke engines. The renovated T44 units were re- designated Td. The renovation was expected to extend the lifetime by 15–20 years. The image shows a diesel locomotive, T44, Green Cargo. Image: Wikipedia. Loco length over the buffers 15.4 meters (50.5 ft), driving wheel diameter 1 030 mm (40.6 in), power output 1,235 kW (1670 hp), Loco weight 76 tons, maximum permitted speed 100 km/h (62 mph).

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An SJ X 2000 train running through a wintry landscape by lake Aspen, Jonsered, Sweden in 2007. Photo: Kasper Dudzik. Image: Wikipedia.

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History of Railways in Sweden (4b)

Swedish State Railways (SJ) -

Locomotives (2)

Electric Locomotives

An electric locomotive is a locomotive powered by electricity from overhead lines, a third rail, or on- board energy storage such as a battery or a supercapacitor. Electric locomotives benefit from the high efficiency of electric motors, often above 90%. The first electric locomotive in Sweden was the Starkotter in Robertsfors which was built in 1900. The electrification of the railways began early in Sweden. The Swedish State Railways (SJ) began testing locomotives powered by electricity in 1905 on the Värtan Line (Swe: Värtabanan) in Stockholm. In 1915, the first Swedish electrified railway line for passenger traffic operated by SJ opened, hauled by electric locos. An early electrified line for the transport of passengers was the Djursholm (Djursholms banan) in Stockholm, a commuter line that opened in 1895. Other countries, early with electrified railway lines are the USA, Germany, and Switzerland. At the end of the 1900s, almost all new locomotives for passenger transport ordered in Sweden are motor coaches. A motor coach (International) or motorcar (US) is a powered rail vehicle able to pull several trailers and at the same time transport passengers or luggage. A motor coach is distinguished from a railbus by not being lightweight. However, electric locomotives are still used for the rail transport of goods. In Sweden, diesel locomotives are foremost used on minor lines or lines not electrified. Locomotive classes: The SJ electric locomotive classes: • D - From 1936, electric locos without bogies, but with coupling rods between the driving axle on each side. • M - Electric locos, with three-axle bogies, used on goods trains. This designation was previously also used for steam locomotives. • O - Early electric locos for the Iron Ore trains. This designation was previously also used for steam locomotives. • R - Electric locos, with two-axle bogies, used on passenger and goods trains. • X - Electric motor coaches. This designation was between 1878 and 1879 also used for steam locomotives. Each piston is attached to the driving axle on each side by a connecting rod, and the driving wheels are connected together by coupling rods to transmit power from the main driver to the other wheels. Each piston transmits power through a crosshead, connecting rod (Main rod (US)) and a crankpin on the driving wheel (Main driver (US)) or to a crank on a driving axle. A bogie (truck (US)) is a chassis or framework that carries a wheelset, attached to a vehicle—a modular subassembly of wheels and axles. Most bogies have two axles, but some cars designed for heavy loads have more axles per bogie. Below is a listing of the most common types of electric locomotives used in Sweden: D-class: The D-class locomotives are the second most manufactured electric locomotives in Sweden and were the first SJ standard electric locomotive. It was developed in connection with the electrification of the Western Main Line. Between 1925 and 1943, 333 D-class locomotives were manufactured by ASEA, Sweden. In the 1950s, a new version of the locomotive was produced, designated Da and Dm- class. Between 1967 and 1988, these electric locomotives were replaced by the new Rc-class locomotives. The first 134 D-class locos, manufactured between 1925 and 1933, were delivered with a wooden body, but in 1933 replaced with steel construction. The difference between the various sub-class divisions of the D-class locomotives are functions, not appearance. For example, geared and optimized for goods trains or passenger trains. However, the difference between passenger and freight locos disappeared with the Du-class version since this variant was capable of 100 km/h (62 mph) and still haul goods trains. The Du became a universal locomotive, however in the end mainly used for goods trains. It retired from service in 1977. The image shows an SJ D-class electric locomotive, D 108, with a wooden body, in 1926. Image: Järnvägsmuseet, ID: JvmKACA00655. Ds was one of two original D-class variants, geared for passenger traffic. Initially, the maximum speed was set to 90 km/h but in 1936, the maximum speed was increased to 100 km/h. The production was closed down when a newer variant was developed with a more powerful engine, designated Dk with a maximum speed of 100 km/h. The then existing Ds locomotives were gradually rebuilt to Dk standard. Dg was the other of the two original D-class variants, geared for goods traffic with a maximum speed of 70 km/h (43 mph). The Da locomotives were developed in the 1950s and equipped with a new engine. 93 Da locos were produced by ASEA between 1952 and 1957 and these 93 Da locomotives became SJ:s new universal locomotive, used for both passenger and goods traffic. Also, the original D-class locomotives were upgraded to the new engine and re-designated Du. After this upgrade, there was no longer any difference between passenger and goods locomotives since all locomotives now were geared for 100 km/h. The Du locomotives were used until 1977. The last of the newer Da locomotives served until 1990–1995. The image shows an SJ Da-class locomotive, Da 799, with a steel body, in 1957. Photo: Seved Walther. Image: Järnvägsmuseet, ID: JvmKDAF04883. A new class of electric locomotives was developed at the end of the 1960s, the Rc-class locomotives. To use D-class locomotives together with Rc locomotives, the Du locomotives were equipped with a new multiple coupling box to make it possible to couple Rc and Du locomotives. These upgraded Du locomotives were then re-designated Du2 and the upgrade was done between 1967 and 1976. D-class, loco length 13 meters (42 ft 8 in), loco weight 80 tons, driving wheel diameter 1530 mm (60.2 in). Power output: 1.220 kW (Ds, Dg). The Da locomotives, length 13 meters, loco weight 75 tons. Power output: 1.840 kW. The Dm and Dm3 locomotives were a special D-class variant developed to haul iron ore trains on the Iron Ore Line from the iron ore mines in Kiruna and Malmberget to the ports in Swedish Luleå on the Baltic coast and Norwegian Narvik on the Atlantic coast. The Dm locomotive, later equipped with a center-section designated Dm3, are two variants of the same locomotive. As initially developed, the twin- section Dm-class locomotives were capable of pulling up to 3,400 tons of ore trains. However, due to progressive increases in train size and weight, this was no longer acceptable by the end of the 1960s. Therefore SJ ordered 19 new cab-less center locomotives, which were installed permanently between the two halves of a Dm class locomotive; the resulting rebuild being designated Dm3. With the addition of the center locomotive, the Dm3 class locomotives were able to haul trains up to 5,400 tons (54 hopper wagons, 100 tons each). A total of 39 Dm double-locomotives (2*39) were delivered between 1953 and 1971, built by ASEA. A further 19 center locomotives (Dm3) were delivered between 1960 and 1970. In 2001, the Dm3-locos were gradually being replaced by the new Iore-class locomotives, but Dm3 locos were in service until dock 2013. Loco length over the buffers: 25.1 m (Dm) respective 35.2 m (Dm3). Loco weight: 190 tons (Dm), 273.2 tons (Dm3). Maximum allowed speed: 75 km/h. Power output: 4,800 kW (Dm), 7,200 kW (Dm3). The image shows a Dm3-locomotive, Dm3 1216, on the Iron Ore Line, near Kiruna, North Sweden, in 2006. Image: Wikipedia. O-class: The first electrified railway line of the Swedish State Railways (SJ) was the Kiruna–Riksgränsen section of the Iron Ore Line which was electrified in 1915. The electrification of the entire Iron Ore Line was finished in 1923. The ore line is a 500 km (300 mi) long railway line between Luleå-Gällivare-Kiruna- Riksgränsen in Sweden and to the port of Narvik in Norway. The Norwegian section of the ore line is called Ofotbanen. The Swedish mining company LKAB transports iron ore on the ore line from the mines in Kiruna and Malmberget to the ports in Narvik (Norway) and Luleå (Sweden) for export to other countries. The image shows a map of the Iron Ore Line in North Sweden. Image: Wikipedia. The Oe and Of locomotives were a series of electric locomotives that SJ used to haul iron ore trains on the Iron Ore Line. The Oe locomotives were delivered in 1922 and the Of in 1924. The Oe/Of locomotives were designed as coupling-rod locomotives and built as twin-coupled locomotives. Between 1937 and 1944, the Oe locomotives were upgraded to the same standard as the Of locos and then designated Of2. The last Of/Of2 locomotives were retired in 1972. All these double locomotives had a wooden body. Between 1953 and 1961, nine double locomotives were temporally rebuilt to six triple locomotives designated Of3. On the section Kiruna-Narvik, the Of3 locomotives were permitted to haul iron ore trains up to a total weight of 3,100 tons while the Of/Of2 locomotives could haul at the most 2,250 tons. The image shows twin-coupled “Of” electric locomotives, SJ Of 93 & 94, in 1950. The Of- locomotives are hauling empty ore wagons returning to Kiruna meeting an ore train with hopper wagons loaded with iron ore. Photo: Eric Lundquist. Image: Järnvägsmuseet, ID: JvmKBDN00941. Oe-locos: length over the buffers 20.9 meters (68.6 ft), driving wheel diameter 1530 mm (60.2 in), loco weight 126.8 tons, power output 2880 hp, traction power 39 tons, maximum speed 60 km/h. Of-locos: length over the buffers 20.9 meters (68.6 ft), driving wheel diameter 1530 mm (60.2 in), loco weight 127.8 tons, power output 2800 hp, traction power 40 tons, maximum speed 60 km/h. Of2-locos: length over the buffers 20.9 meters (68.6 ft), driving wheel diameter 1530 mm (60.2 in), loco weight 127.8 tons, power output 2800 hp, traction power 40 tons, maximum speed 60 km/h. Of3-locos: length over the buffers 31.3 meters, driving wheel diameter 1530 mm (60.2 in), loco weight 204.0 tons, power output 4200 hp, traction power 60 tons, maximum speed 60 km/h. M-class (Electric): The Mg-class (originally M-class) locomotives were a series of locomotives developed for SJ to be used on the main lines in northern Sweden and to haul heavy trains. The Mg-class locos were produced in the 1940s when the Northern Main Line was electrified. The main lines in Northern Sweden usually ran on winding and broken grounds which the lines in southern Sweden rarely did, therefore, the northern lines needed more powerful locomotives. The many curves on the northern lines demanded bogie locomotives and the Mg locos were equipped with two three-axle bogies. The maximum allowed speed was 80 km/h (50 mph). The image shows an SJ M-class electric locomotive, SJ M 612, in 1944. Image: Järnvägsmuseet, ID: JvmKDAE08590. Loco length over the buffers 16.8 meters (55 ft), driving wheel diameter 1000 mm (39 in), loco weight 102 tons, power output 2640 kW. R-class (Electric): The Rc-class locomotives are the largest produced series of locomotives in Sweden. The Rc locomotives is a universal locomotive used to haul both passenger and goods trains in all parts of Sweden, including the northern parts. In total, 366 Rc locos were delivered to SJ between 1967 and 1988 replacing the older D-class locomotives. The image shows an SJ Rc-class electric locomotive, SJ Rc4 1147, in 1976. Image: Järnvägsmuseet, ID: JvmKBDB14784:01. Altogether there have been 7 variants of the Rc- locomotive in Sweden plus two special variants such as the freight locomotive Rm designed to haul iron ore trains and the Rz. The first Rc version was produced between 1967- 1968 with the designation Rc. Initially, the Rc-locos was foremost used to haul passenger trains but later also goods trains. The second version, Rc2, was an improved Rc, manufactured between 1969 and 1975. Rc3 is identical with Rc2 besides gearing and was manufactured between 1970-1971. Rc3 is geared for 160 km/h (99 mph) while Rc1, Rc2, Rc4 and Rc5 is geared for 135 km/h (84 mph). Sweden’s most common electric locomotive, Rc4, was produced for SJ between 1975-1982. In total,130 Rc4 was delivered. Rc5 was a further developed version with extensive technique improvements and was manufactured between 1982 and 1986. Rc6 differs from Rc5 by being geared for 160 km/h like the Rc3. 40 Rc6 was manufactured for SJ between 1985 and 1988. Five Rc6 were re-geared to do 180 km/h (112 mph) and designated Rc7. Rm is a special variant of Rc, manufactured in six copies in 1977. Rm is heavier than the regular Rc locomotives and built to haul iron ore trains. The Rm locos were coupled three and three and were a complement to the Dm3-locomotives. The Rm-locos are equipped with emergency electromagnetic track brakes, and automatic coupling boxes (SA3), and geared for power rather than speed. Maximum permitted speed: 135 km/h (Rc1,2,4 och 5), 160 km/h (Rc3 and 6), 180 km/h (Rc7), 100 km/h (Rm). Rc-locos: length over the buffers 15.5 meters (50.1 ft), driving wheel diameter 1300 mm (51 in), loco weight 80 tons, power output 2,640 kW. The Ra-class Rapid locomotives is a series of electric locomotives foremost used to haul express trains in Sweden. The first Rapid locos were manufactured in 1955 and had a streamlined design. They were equipped with halogen headlights. In total, 10 Rapid locomotives were manufactured between 1955 and 1961 and were in service until 1996. The maximum permitted speed was 150 km/h (81 mph). The image shows an SJ Rapid locomotive (Ra-class), SJ Ra 994, in 1962. Image: Järnvägsmuseet, ID: JvmKBDB12677:02. Rapid locos: length over the buffers 15.1 meters (49.5 ft), driving wheel diameter 1300 mm (51 in), loco weight 65 tons. IORE-class: The IORE class locomotives are six-axle powerful freight locomotives used to haul the heavy iron ore hopper wagons on the Iron Ore Line in North Sweden between the LKAB ore mines in Kiruna to the port of Narvik, Norway, and the mines in Malmberget to the port of Luleå, Sweden. Iore is an acronym for “Iron Ore”. Each Iore locomotive is named after places along the line. The Iore locomotives are coupled two and two (two single-ended locos) and with 120-tons hopper wagons, the double-coupled locomotives can haul 68 wagons, in total 8,160 tons including the weight of the locomotives. The ore trains are 750 meters long. The older Dm3 locomotives were able to haul 52 wagons. The ore trains are equipped with special coupling boxes allowing heavier trains. With traction of 1,200 kilo-newtons (kN), the IORE locomotive is the world's strongest locomotive. LKAB is a Swedish mining company and the ore trains haul ore from LKAB's mines in Kiruna, Malmberget, and Svappavaara to the ports of Luleå, Sweden, and Narvik, Norway. Traditionally the rail transport of ore was operated by the State Railways. In 1993, LKAB obtained permission to operate their own trains in Sweden, and from 1996 in Norway. Rail transport companies MTAB (MalmTrafik i Kiruna AB) and MTAS (Norwegian counterpart) were established in 1996 (a joint venture). However, LKAB purchased the ore rail transport companies in 1999. The name of the company today is LKAB Malmtrafik (meaning LKAB Ore Transport. LKAB's railway division Malmtrafik operates the rail transport of ore with 34 Iore locomotives (or 17 pairs) built by Adtranz and its successor Bombardier. The 34 Iore locomotives were manufactured between 2000 and 2010 for MTAB (LKAB Malmtrafik). The image shows an MTAB Iore-class double-coupled locomotive, MTAB 103 Luleå, hauling hopper wagons, passing Vassijaure in 2009. Image: Wikipedia. Loco length over the buffers 45.8 meters (two locos coupled in pair), 22.9 meters (single loco), driving wheel diameter 1250 mm, loco weight 180 tons (single loco), 360 tons (coupled in pair), power output 5 400 kW (single loco), 10 800 kW (two coupled in pair), maximum permitted speed 80 km/h (50 mph). X-class: X is a designation for train sets hauled by motor coaches. A motor coach (UK) or motorcar (US) is a powered rail vehicle able to pull several trailers and at the same time transport passengers or luggage. With multiple-unit train control, one operator can control several "motor coaches", possibly even combined with locomotives, efficiently in the same train, making longer trains possible. Motor coaches can replace locomotives at the head of local passenger or freight trains. A motor coach is distinguished from a railbus by not being lightweight. The X1-class is a series of motor coaches foremost used for regional traffic. The X1 was used as a commuter train in Stockholm between 1968 and 2011. The X2-class is a series of electric motor coaches being part of a concept of fast trains in Sweden known as X 2000. X 2000 is a fast, tilting train launched in 1990, operated by SJ, designed, and built by ASEA, Sweden. Between 1989 and 1998, 44 X2 was manufactured for SJ. When it was introduced in 1990 it was a first-class only train, second class was introduced 1995. The X 2000 top speed is 210 km/h (130 mph) but has reached 276 km/h (171 mph) in a trial run with double locomotives units in 1993. However, the maximum speed permitted in regular traffic is 200 km/h (120 mph). X 2000 is not a high-speed train, but very fast compared to regular train services. It shares the tracks with regular trains. The image shows an X2-class motor coach, i.e. an X2000 train, at Lund Central Station in 2008. Image: Wikipedia. Loco length 17.75 meters (58 ft 3 in), total train length: 164.2 m (539 ft) (6 carriages), power output 3,260 kW (4,370 hp), weight 269–365 tons.

Diesel Locomotives

The Swedish State Railways (SJ) used two designation classes for the diesel locomotives, V-class (shunting) and T-class (hauling and shunting). A shunter, switcher, or shifter is a small railroad locomotive used for maneuvering railroad cars inside a rail yard in a process known as shunting (UK) or switching (US). These locomotives are not intended for moving trains over long distances but rather for assembling trains at marshalling yards (UK) or classification yards (US) for another locomotive to take over. Shunters/switchers may also make short transfer runs and even be the only motive power on branch lines and switching and terminal railroads. A diesel locomotive is a type of railway locomotive in which the prime mover is a diesel engine. Several types of diesel locomotives have been developed, differing mainly in how mechanical power is conveyed to the driving wheels. A diesel-mechanical locomotive uses a mechanical transmission in a fashion like that employed in most road vehicles. In a diesel-electric locomotive, the diesel engine drives either an electrical DC generator or an electrical AC alternator-rectifier, the output of which provides power to the traction motors that drive the locomotive. There is no mechanical connection between the diesel engine and the wheels. In Sweden, diesel locomotives are foremost diesel- electric locomotives. Some examples of diesel locomotives in Sweden: • T43. About 50 built between 1961-1963. • T44. Further development of T43 is the most common diesel loco in Sweden. 123 locos were built between 1968-1987. Power output 1235 kW. • T46. An extended T44. 4 was purchased from av LKAB between 1973-1974 for shunting service. It is Sweden’s heaviest diesel loco. T44: T44 is a diesel-electric locomotive built by Swedish NOHAB and KVAB in 123 units between 1968 and 1987 delivered to SJ. It was the successor of T43 and used both for hauling good trains and shunting. It is the most common diesel locomotive in Sweden, with state-owned Green Cargo as the largest operator. Compared to the predecessor T43-class, the T44 is more powerful and has a modernized driver cab. In 2001, when the Swedish State Railways (SJ) was split into several companies, Green Cargo took over all the T44 locomotives. Between 2009 and 2011, Green Cargo renovated 62 units of the T44 which included new four-stroke engines. The renovated T44 units were re-designated Td. The renovation was expected to extend the lifetime by 15–20 years. The image shows a diesel locomotive, T44, Green Cargo. Image: Wikipedia. Loco length over the buffers 15.4 meters (50.5 ft), driving wheel diameter 1 030 mm (40.6 in), power output 1,235 kW (1670 hp), Loco weight 76 tons, maximum permitted speed 100 km/h (62 mph).