Maps, Laga Skifte, Kumla Village, Toresund Parish (D)

Kumla Village, Toresund Parish

Kumla village is located in Toresund parish, Selebo härad (hundered), Södermanland County (D). Over the centuries, the village has consisted of 3 or 4 homesteads (agricultural properties). Toresund parish is located north of Mariefred town and east of Strängnäs city and south of the Bay of Stallarholmen in Lake Mälaren. The parish has cultivated plains by Lake Mälaren and is otherwise forested. In 1933, Toresund parish had 2,406 hectares of arable land and 3,768 hectares of forest land. Before the 17th century, the homesteads in Kumla village were tenant farms under noble landed estates. In the middle of the 17th century, several of the homesteads were conferred to Count Mattias Soop on Mälsåker. The other homesteads were bought in the 1660s by the commissioner at the Royal War Office, Anders Nilsson Lillieqvist. The map shows Kumla village and its surroundings. In the north, you can see Stallarholmen and Selaön (island), in the south Mariefred. Toresund church is just north of Kumla. The map also shows the landed estates of Herresta, Hista, Räfsnäs and Mälsåker. Map: Lantmäteriet.

The Land Reforms in Kulma Village

Kumla Village - Storskifte Land Reform

The Storskifte land reform was initiated by the Riksdag (Parliament) in the 1749 Land Survey Ordinance, later in a decree from 1757 called the Grand Land Redistribution (Storskifte). The land of the village of Kumla was redistributed in the Storskifte land reform in 1765, 1767, and 1769 under the leadership of the land surveyor Johan Zetterberg. Kumla village then consisted of the 4 tenant farmsteads; Norrgården, Oppgården, Nergården and Mellangården. On the land redistribution map drawn up in 1765 by the surveyor Zetterberg one can read: The four homesteads are located in a forest area about 10 km (6 mi) north of Mariefred town. The common property of the village: the arable land consists of hard clay, sandy loam, shallow and stony moor;" The village pastures were 12 in number.

Kumla Village - Laga Skifte Land Reform

In Kumla village, the Laga Skifte land reform was implemented in 1833/1834 by land surveyor Aug. Welkevitz. Oppgården and Nergården farmsteads in Kumla village were at this time under Mälsåker estate and Mellangården farmstead was owned by the Grewesmühl family at Herresta manor. After the laga skifte, the conditions changed. Nergården and Oppgården were sold by Major Count Axel von Fersen on Mälsåker's estate to the lay judge Eric Zetterberg and the churchwarden Anders Persson who together now owned these 2 farms. Norrgården was divided into 4 properties of which 1/6 mantal was owned by the farmer and lay judge Eric Ersson, 1/12 mantal was owned by Jan Eric Ersson in Torlunda (son of Eric Zetterberg's stepson Eric Ersson in Oppgården), 1/8 mantal was owned by Eric Persson and 1/8 mantal was owned by Eric Andersson and his maternal grandmother Maria Jansdotter (died in 1833). From 1838 Mellangården was under the Hista estate owned by Conrad Albert Grewesmühl who had now moved from Räfsnäs Kungsgård - Räfsnäs demesne of the Crown - (which he leased) to Hista. According to the Toresund household roll (HFL) Toresund (D) AI:12 (1833-1837), there are the following persons on the farms in Kumla village: • Kumla village, Mellangården (No 1) i Toresunds HFL AI:12, 1833 - 1837, page 88. Churchwarden Jan Persson • Kumla village, Nergården (No 2) i Toresunds HFL AI:12, 1833 - 1837, page 89. Farmer and lay judge Anders Pehrsson. • Kumla village, Oppgården (No 3) i Toresunds HFL AI:12, 1833 - 1837, page 90. Lay judge Eric Zetterberg. • Kumla village, Norrgården (No 4-1) i Toresunds HFL AI:12, 1833 - 1837, page 91. Farmer Eric Ersson. • Kumla village, Norrgården (No 4-2) i Toresunds HFL AI:12, 1833 - 1837, page 92. Widow Maria Jansdotter / Eric Andersson. • Kumla village, Norrgården (No 4-3) i Toresunds HFL AI:12, 1833 - 1837, page 93. Farmer Eric Persson.

Extracts from the Household rolls, Kumla Village, Toresund Parish, 1833 - 1837

Below are excerpts from Toresund's household roll 1833 - 1837 (church records) and shows the families registered on the respective homestead in Kumla village at the time of the laga skifte land reform.

Source References

• Skiftesreformer i Sverige; Stor-, en- och laga skifte, Örjan Jonsson JK92/96. • De stora förändringarna, 23 Enskiftet och laga skiftet. • Skiftenas skede, laga skiftets handlingar som källmaterial för byggnadshistoriska studier med exempel från Småland 1828–1927. Ander Franzén, 2008. • Tegskiftet s. 112-114 i Gadd, Carl-Johan (2000). Det svenska jordbrukets historia. Kapitel 8, Band 3, Den agrara revolutionen : 1700-1870. Stockholm: Natur och kultur/LT i samarbete med Nordiska museet och Stift. Stiftelsen Lagersberg. • Bilden av skiftet måste nyanseras, artikel i tidningen Populär Historia i september 2003 av Fredrik Bergman, Larserik Tobiasson. • Skiftena förändrade Sverige, artikel i tidningen Släkthistoria i mars 2017 av Therese Safstrom. • Lantmäteriet (The National Land Survey of Sweden) • Wikipedia • Nationalencyklopedin (Swedish National Encyclopedia) • SAOB (Svenska Akademins Ordbok - The Swedish Academy Dictionary) Top of Page

Agricultural Land Reforms in Sweden (3)

A certain exchange of ownership took place between Kumla village and Torlunda village in 1866 after a survey carried out by surveyor A. G. Flodin.

About the Land Redistribution Maps

Land redistribution maps were drawn up in connection with the land reforms in each village. Map scales were usually 1:4 000 (100 m, in reality, corresponds to 25 mm on the map) for the infields (arable and meadow land) and 1:8 000 for the outlaying fields (forest land). The acts to the land redistribution maps may look different, as no fixed templates were used until after 1850. The redistribution maps are based on the village as the principle of division. The map is accompanied by a description explaining the numbers and lettering on it. Lower-case letters are used to mark the old parcels, capital letters for the new ones. The boundaries are drawn in black and red. Note that the maps provide both a snapshot and an indication of a desired future state. Red lines usually indicate the boundaries that the redistribution is intended to establish. Also, some roads and common areas are intended to be constructed after the redistribution is completed. Please note that changes due to appeals may occur! The land redistribution documents contain minutes, listing the names and residences of those present, and annexes, including appeals, and a description of the redistribution. It shows how the land was distributed before the division, the grading of the farmland, and the description of the division of the various letters (capital letters) of the new parcels. The various colors on the maps represent different types of land (soil). Fields tend to be yellow, pastures light green, meadows dark green and, water blue. There are some variations on this and therefore you should check with what the description says. There you can make sure which colors represent which types of land. The numbers on the map: the farmlands on the map are subdivided into smaller parts depending, among other things, on soil conditions such as moisture, fertility, etc. Each such area has a number and that number refers to the charts that appear in the description of the map

Land Redistribution Map, Laga Skifte, Kumla Village, 1833

The map below shows the land redistribution map for the laga skifte land reform at Kumla village in Toresund parish, drawn up in 1833. The surveyor is Aug. Welkevitz. Map: Lantmäteriet, Historical maps.